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J. ADAIR.

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BAKERS OVEN.

No. 528,456. Ptnted ont. so, 1894.

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JOHN ADAIR, OE WATEEEOED, IRELAND, As'sIeNOR To THE ADAIR sYN- DIOATE,LIMITED, OE LONDON, ENGLAND.

BAKERS OVEN.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent N o. 528,456, dated October30, 1894.

Application filed March 3,1894. Serial No. 502,270. (No model) Patentedin England February 24, 1888, No. 2,750, July 30,1888,No. 10,965, August24, 1888,11'0. 12,234, November 23, 1889, No. 18,771, February 15,1890.110. 2,482, July 17,1890,NC. 11,140, and July 26,1890.No.11,707,2tndi11 anada October 7,1892, No. 40,607 v To all whom it mayconcern: f

Be it known that I, JOHN ADAIR, commis sion agent, a subject of theQueenl of Great Britain, residing at Waterford, in the county ofWaterford, Ireland, have invented certainA new and useful Improvementsin Bakers and Confectioners Ovens, (for which I have obtained patents inGreat Britain, No. 2,750, dated February 24, 1888; No. 10,965, datedJuly 30, 1888; No. 12,234, dated August 24, 18885No. 18,771, datedNovember23, 18895No. 2,482, dated February 15, 1890; No. 11,140, datedJuly 17, 1890; and No. 11,707, dated July 26, 1890, and in Canada, No.40,607, dated October 7, 1892,) of which the following isaspecification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings.

This invention relates to bakers and fectioners ovens.

An important feature of the said invention relates to the mode ofheating ovens by means of pipes o1' dues arranged in the oven and,through which the products of combustion or hot gases from the furnaceare conveyed. Dampers are provided whereby the flow of gases through thepipes can be controlled or reversed at will. This construction isparticularly adapted for application to decker ovens and is veryadvantageous in that it enables the temperature of the various parts ofthe oven to be controlled Very effectively; The pipes may be round,square, oblong, rectangular, or other shape, in transverse section.

The said invention also comprises improvements in the floors of saidoven, in the provision of heat collecting chambers, and in theconstruction of the furnace proper.

An-importantfeature of thisinvention consists in constructing a deckeroven with heating pipes arranged in horizontal layers disposed beneathremovable oors. All these pipes are contained in one chamber and it istherefore obvious that the air can circulate freely between them.Preferably at the sides and center of each tier, that is .tosay, betweenthe two center pipes, and also between the two outsidefpipes of 'eachtier and the walls ofthe chamber, greater space is provided than betweenthe other pipes so as to Ythat'extend on a level with the pipes and bywhich the said pipes are fed with the products ofcombnstion from thefurnace at either front or back of the oven. By means of such flats orflues, in combination with dampers, the products of combustion from thefurnace yare carried to any orall of the several rows of pipes and thetemperature of the various 7o parts of the oven can be thereby readilycontrolled.

The said invention also comprises other improvements in various detailsashereinafter described.

Figure lis a front elevation of an oven constructed according to myinvention. Fig. 2 is a vertical longitudinal central section of Vthesame. Fig. 3 is a sectional plan, one of the baking floors beingremoved. Fig.` 4 is a 8o half section on the'line sc, and a half sectionon the line Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is a half section on the line y, y, and ahalf section on the line y', y', Fig. 2. Fig. 6 is a view of the pipeflues and their connections, one of said fines being Shown in section.This ligure is drawn on a larger scale. Fig. 7 is a plan of a removableloor constructed as hereinafter described. Fig. 8 is an end viewofsarne. Fig. 9is an end view of the cover therefor. g 9o A is thefurnace. n y

B, B are lues situated beneath the floor of the oven.

I-I, I-I are heat-collecting chambers built of fire-brick and situatedsymmetrically on each side of the fire place A, beneath the fines B, B.Said chambers communicate with each other at their ends. Opposite thefront ends Fig. 4 between which and the outer wall of the oven is formeda flue or passage H2. Said iiue communicates by an outlet H3 with theIlue B which latter communicates with the :flue tubes in the oventhrough an ascending flue B2 at the back end.

Dampers C C are provided as shown for opening and closing thecommunication between the iiues B and the chambers H and be tween thefines B and the passage H2. Said dampers slide in frame C0, C0 and eachdamper is adapted to close either of two openings in the frame one ofwhich openings communicates with the chambers I-I, and the other withthe corresponding passage H2. Vhen the dampers are drawn outcommunication is thereby made between the iiues B and the chambers H,and when the dampers are pushed in, the aforesaid communications areclosed and others are opened between the ilues B and the passages H2.The dampers on the same side of the oven are however not intended to beeither both out or both in at the same time,but when one is out, theother must bein, unless it is desired to damp down the tire.

The chambers II are very advantageous where hot coke fires are used asthey serve to keep the temperature very uniform. Openings H0 furnishedwith suitable soot doors are provided in the front of the oven to admitof cleaning out the chambers H.

The several decks of the oven are formed by ilues or pipes E whichextend from front to back of the oven and communicate with flues orflats at the front and back in such manner as hereinafter explained thatthe products of combustion from the [ire can be passed through the pipesin either direction, and moreover without bringing the gases intocontact with the bread and without emitting smoke. The pipes E aresupported at the back end by boxes I that are lled with sand. The pipespass through the said boxes from front to back thereof and are retainedin place by means of caps IO secured on the boxes after the pipes areplaced in position. This arrangement allows of free expansion andcontraction of the pipes during changes of temperature without puttingpressure on the walls of the oven, and at the same time the sandpreserves a perfect joint. The front ends of the pipes are secured to,and open into, hollow' transverse girders or boxes I. The transverselines or dats L0 at the back are formedv in the brickwork of the oven.Each of said flats L0 except the lowermost one is divided centrally, oneside communieating with half the pipes E at that floor level, and theother-half communicating with the remaining half of said pipes. The up`permost flue or flat at the back connects with the chimney at the pointmarked K.

L, L2 L3 are dampers placed at each door level between each flat or iueL0 and the one above it.

It will be obvious from the above description and drawings that thefurnace gases or products of combustion will on leaving the furnacefirst circulate among the heat storing chambers II which will becomevery hot.

Assuming now that the damper C, on each side of the fireplace is drawnout and the damper C' is pushed in, the gases will ascend from thechambers H on each side into the flue B above and will circulate in thedirection indicated by the arrow round that flue which it will beobserved is U-shaped in plan, and will then descend into the passage H2and rise again through the opening H3 into the Hue B along which theywill now proceed and enter the lowermost fine or flat at the back end ofthe oven, and thence into the pipes E. If the damper C be pushed in, andthe damper C drawn out the effect will be to change the direction of thecirculation in the tine B. The gases will now ascend from the lowermostflat L0 into the one next above it through whichever of the dampers atthe ends thereof is open and then will pass through one half of thepipes E to the front end of the oven, then through the hollow girders orboxes I and back through the remaining pipes at that floor level to theflue or fiat at the back whence they rise into the next fiat above andso in the same manner through the next tier of pipes and are iinallydischarged into the chimney. It will be observed that the two dam person the same level at the back must not be both open or both shut at thesame time, but one must be open and the other shut, and also each damperis in contrary phase to the one immediately above it and to the oneimmediately below it. It is further obvious that by reversing all thedampers, the direction of the currents through each row of pipes will bereversed.n By this construction a perfect control is insured over theheat of the oven. It will be further observed that there is ample roomfor free circulation of air between the pipes. Thus the hot air willascend from the first deck which may be the hottest to the second orthird decks which may be colder owing to some cold work in that part ofthe oven or possibly owing to less heat passing through the pipes, butbe it as it may, the cold air descends, and the hot air ascends, thusequalizing the temperature.

On 4comparing this system with decker ovens where each deck is acomplete and separate chamber having no internal connection whateverbetween one deck and another it is very obvious that the hereindescribed oven which is one chamber and virtually one oven, has manypoints of advantages.

The oven is provided with sliding doors N at each deck level. Each doorextends half way across the oven, and there are two such at each levelone sliding behind the other.

L2, L3 are soot doors in front of the boxes I each of which doors isconstructed to cover the fronts of a whole range of pipes. Inside eachdoor I provide a plate which holds be- IOO IIO

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` how necessary it is that the dough should be tween it and the door,ashes or some other non-conducting material.

The heat radiated from the furnace doors is very great and isdisagreeable to any person Working at the mouth of the oven. In order tominimize this and also to economize the heat I use in front of thefurnace a nonconducting door P Fig. 2 which is carried by Wheels P whichtravel on rails P2, the bottom of the door being steadied by travelingrin a grooved rail P2. These furnaces are placedV beneath the floorlevel. The non-conducting door will run back into a prepared spacebetween the oven furnace wall on one side and the earth on the other.Steps descend to the furnace from the floor line. The door is preferablymade hollow or box-shaped and filled with ashes, asbestos or othersuitable non-conducting material.

I provide the oven with a movable furnace mounted on Wheels adapted torun on rails so that the furnace can be easily and rapidly removed forrepairs when required.

Referring to Fig. 2, A is the movable furnace, which is built on astrong frame S which is carried by wheels S2 that run on fixed rails S2.The furnace can be run in and out on the said rails without disturbingthe oven.. The door of the furnace may be carried by the furnace frameor it may be separate therefrom. The fire bars are supported by crossbars which rest in recesses in the frame S. Beneath the frame S andinside the wheels and rails are arranged downwardly projectinglongitudinal ribs or webs S6 which project below the level of the railsand form the ashpit and serve also to protect the wheels and rails fromthe ashes and from the excessive heat of the furnace. The said ribs orWebs are arranged moreover to dip into grooves or channels say about twoinches deep and about two inches wide. These grooves are lled with sandto prevent air leakage which would check the draft. At the back of theoven I form a ledge or shelf S7 say two inches wide upon which when thefurnace is about to be run in, soft mortar is placed, for the purpose ofmaking a joint between the back of the furnace and the rear wall of thefurnace pit. A groove is preferably made in the said rear Wall for thisshelf to iit into and thus permit of a good joint being made.

Those conversant with the trade know well of a certain stiffness tostand upon the peel, and this being so there is no attempt made to worklight doughs; but by the apparatus which is now to be described thelightest dough can be baked, and outside loaves will be almost done awaywith, as they can beset in such a manner as to be perfectly straight andnot over-crusted. For this purpose the floors of the oven are maderemovable, and the same are withdrawn, when it is required to set theloaves thereon. When the loaves are set, the oors are replaced in theoven` and retained until the baking is complete. It will be obvious thatall the loaves will by this method receive the same amount of baking andthus great regularity will be obtained.

Each flooroonsists of a rectangular frame T made of angle iron andhaving a bed formed of wire netting or the like of close mesh. Saidframe is furnished with wheels T which run on rails T2 provided in thefurnace. Said floor can thus be very readily run in and out of the oven.

The bread may be left on the movable door as long as desirable, andbeing together in one mass it will stand a long time fresh. As thesemovableoors are comparatively cheap, several of them may be provided forthe same oven.

Over the batch of bread I place a light tin or iron cover U6 which isfairly tight and serves to retain the steam given olf by the bread whenbaking. Vent holes U7 may be provided to prevent accumulation of steampressure which would interfere i with the proper rising of' the bread.By means of the said cover I maintain the top crustlsoft and more evenlycook the loaf.

What I claim isl. ln a bakers and confectioners oven, the

combination with the heating tubes, of hollow cross girders with whichthe tubes are connected by means of a sliding joint, a box surroundingeach said joint and containing sand to keep the same tight, and sootdoors in the cross girders to admit of cleaning the tubes, substantiallyas described.

2. In a bakers and confectioners oven, the combination with the heatingtubes andconnecting-hollow cross girders, of the removable floorsprovided with wheels and supported on tracks above and in proximity tosaid heating pipes and girders, substantially as described.

3. In a bakers and confectioners oven, the combination with the decks ortiers of heating pipes and flues provided with dampers, of the removablefloors located above and in proximity to said pipes and yprovided withremovable covers, substantially as described.

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this 25th day of January,1894.

JOHN ADAIR.

Vitnesses:

M. I. HARTY, 17 William Street, Waterford, Ireland, So-

lz'cttors Apprentice.

JOHN BQYD, 44 Manor Street, .Waterfowl Irelancl, So-

liettors Olerc.

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